JULIIA

Mithridate VI Eupator




Roi du Pont (132-63 av. J.-C.) qui étendit sa domination sur les populations scythes de la Crimée. Sa vie fut une succession de coups de théâtre, une véritable épopée tragique, quasiment surhumaine.

Né pour se battre
II avait onze ans à la mort de son père. Le jeune Mithridate jugea préférable de s'éloigner de cette mère qui n'était peut-être pas étrangère à la mort de son époux. Il gagna la montagne où il vécut de chasse. Endurci au froid, à la faim, à la soif et vivant à la dure, Mithridate se prémunit également contre le poison : il en absorba par petites doses jusqu'au jour où son organisme fut immunisé.

Après sept ans d'exil, Mithridate revint à Sinope ; sa mère et son frère étant morts, il monta sur le trône et épousa sa sœur Laodiké. Il s'entoura de conseillers grecs et réorganisa l'armée sur le modèle grec. Deux ans plus tard, Mithridate avait soumis les villes grecques du littoral, les peuples de l'Anatolie, les Arméniens, les Tauriens et les certaines tribus scythes (Scythes laboureurs). Il entreprit une alliance avec le roi scythe Skiluros en lui donnant ses deux filles en mariage, mais elles furent capturées par les Romains.

Préparatifs de guerre
Mithridate parcourut les provinces romaines incognito, étudiant la topographie, les villes, les fortifications et, surtout, il s'enquit des sentiments des populations vassales. Rentré dans sa capitale où on l'avait cru mort, il se lança dans les préparatifs de guerre. Sur l'ordre de Mithridate, soixante-quinze forteresses furent construites dans la Petite Arménie où l'on exploitait des mines d'argent. Il alignait une armée de 250.000 fantassins, 50.000 cavaliers et des escadrons de chars armés de faux qui étaient très supérieurs à ceux des Romains.

Mithridate s'allia avec Tigrane, roi d'Arménie, auquel il donna sa fille Cléopâtre en mariage. En Égypte et en Syrie, Mithridate se procura des navires et des pilotes et il enrôla dans son armée des Sarmates, peuple qu'il avait vaincu quelques années plus tôt. En 89 av. J.-C., le roi du Pont déclara la guerre à Rome.

Guerre contre Rome
Au début, avec l'aide de Nicomède, roi de Bithynie, Mithridate conquit plusieurs régions de l'Asie Mineure. Dans sa très grande majorité, la population l'avait accueilli en libérateur mais beaucoup de Romains fixés dans les provinces conquises lui opposèrent une résistance opiniâtre. Mithridate appela au soulèvement contre Rome : en un seul jour, 80.000 citoyens romains périrent, principalement à Ephèse. L'année suivante, Mithridate partit à la conquête des îles de l'Egéide. Il laissa 20.000 morts derrière lui dans la seule île de Délos ! Puis, Mithridate s'attaqua à la Macédoine. Tous les ennemis des Romains le considéraient comme un sauveur. Avec les premières défaites l'hostilité crût, Mithridate devint méfiant, la répression s'amplifia.

En 84 av. J.-C., après cinq ans de luttes sanglantes, Mithridate se retrouve à son point de départ ; la paix dictée par les Romains lui laisse ses États héréditaires. Mais l'homme est aigri et, lorsque la Colchide offre la couronne à son fils, Mithridate le fait assassiner.

Reprise des hostilités
Lorsque la guerre reprend après une trêve de dix ans, Mithridate a pour lui l'avantage du nombre. Le roi s'est allié aux pirates qui gênent considérablement les mouvements des navires romains. A Rome même, il a noué des relations avec une des factions engagée dans la guerre civile. Mais en 71, son armée est battue et lui-même échappe de justesse aux cavaliers Galates lancés à sa poursuite. Réfugié dans une forteresse des montagnes de l'Arménie, le roi est témoin de la ruine de son royaume : les commandants des places fortes se rendent sans combattre, les villes du littoral sont livrées au pillage. Macharès son propre fils, souverain du royaume de Bosphore, en Crimée, aide les Romains en leur fournissant du blé.

Pendant vingt mois, Mithridate se terre, puis, en mars 69, à la tête de dix mille cavaliers arméniens, il entreprend de reconquérir son royaume. Les Romains sont pris au dépourvu. Il conduit lui-même les assauts : par deux fois, il est grièvement blessé. Tigrane, se fait battre par les Romains, mais Mithridate reconstitue le royaume du Pont.

En 66, fuyant devant l'avance des armées d'un nouveau général romain, Cnéius Pompée, Mithridate s'embarque pour la Crimée. Mithridate gagne à sa cause plusieurs chefs scythes. Tandis que la flotte romaine bloque les ports de la Crimée, il projette de gagner le Danube, de traverser la péninsule balkanique, puis les Alpes, d'envahir l'Italie et de soulever contre Rome les peuples italiotes et même les esclaves. Mais ses sujets, révoltés par les efforts exigés, couronnent son fils Pharnace. Mithridate tente de s'empoisonner, mais le poison reste sans effet sur son organisme. Un guerrier celte dut le poignarder. Il fut inhumé à Sinope, sa ville natale.

Summary — Chapter 10: A Warm Welcome

The barrels, with one hobbit on top and thirteen dwarves inside, flow down the river and out of Mirkwood forest. Looking to the north, Bilbo sees the Lonely Mountain, the group's ultimate destination. For the time being, however, the river takes them toward Lake Town (its alternate name, Esgaroth, is mentioned in Chapter 12). Lake Town is a human city, built on Long Lake, south of the Lonely Mountain. At Lake Town, the barrels are brought to shore when boats from the town row out and cast ropes toward the floaters, and while the men are away, Bilbo frees his companions from the barrels. Everyone has survived, but they are cramped, wet, and hungry.
Thorin, filled with a new sense of purpose, strides proudly up to the town hall and declares to the Master of Lake Town that he, a descendant of the King under the Mountain, has returned to claim his inheritance. The people of the town rejoice. They have all heard the stories of how gold flowed down the river when the King under the Mountain reigned before Smaug came. They treat the dwarves and even Bilbo like kings. After a fortnight, the company is strong and eager again. Though they still have no idea how to deal with the dragon, Thorin feels that they cannot wait any longer. He obtains boats, horses, and provisions from the Master of Lake Town, and the company sets off up the River running toward the Lonely Mountain.

Summary — Chapter 11: On the Doorstep

As they approach the foothills of the Lonely Mountain, the land turns bleak and barren. All greenery and other living foliage have been burnt away by Smaug. When they reach the foot of the mountain, Bilbo and three dwarves are sent to investigate the main entrance on the south side. The entrance looks far too dangerous—it is the gate that Smaug uses—so the company decides to search out the secret door described on their map, which is on the west side of the mountain.

After hours of searching, Bilbo finally locates a narrow passage along a cliff that leads to a flat, smooth patch on the mountain's side. Though the patch must be the door, the dwarves cannot find a way to open it, as they have forgotten the message that Elrond read from the map. The dwarves bang at the door with picks and axes but to no avail. They grow discouraged.

One evening, Bilbo is sitting outside the door, lost in thought, when a thrush lands nearby and begins to knock a snail against a stone with its beak. Suddenly, the hobbit remembers the riddle on the map. He quickly gathers the other dwarves by the door, and they watch as the sun slowly sets. With the sun's last light, a single ray falls on a part of the door, and there a rock falls away to reveal a keyhole. Thorin quickly takes the key that came with the map and places it in the rock—when he turns it, the door's outlines appear. The dwarves and the hobbit push open the door and stare into the depths of the mountain before them.

Summary — Chapter 12: Inside Information

The dark passage into the mountain stands open before the company. Thorin nominates Bilbo, the official burglar, to go inside to snoop. Bilbo enters, slips on his ring to make himself invisible, and proceeds down the long, dark passage into Smaug's lair. There, he sees the magnificent, terrible dragon asleep on piles of treasure. Smaug is red and gold, with fiery breath, sharp claws, and a hide as strong as a diamond. Bilbo is horribly afraid, but he works up the nerve to take a single golden cup from one of the piles. He then rushes back up to the dwarves, who marvel over the cup.

Bilbo's theft does not go unnoticed by Smaug, who takes careful account of his treasure. When he awakens, he is enraged to discover that the cup is missing. He flies around the mountain breathing blasts of flame, and when he sees the company's ponies at the foot of the mountain, he chases the ponies down and devours them. Meanwhile, the dwarves and Bilbo huddle inside the secret passage, terrified. After a while, Smaug returns to his den and falls asleep. The hobbit works up the nerve to return to the dragon's lair, only to discover that the dragon has been feigning sleep. The terrible creature is wide awake, and Smaug is waiting for Bilbo.

Although he cannot see Bilbo because of the ring, Smaug smells Bilbo and greets him mockingly. Bilbo is smart, though, and answers Smaug only in riddles, which amuses the dragon enough to quell his anger for a while. Cleverly, the hobbit flatters Smaug into displaying his thick-skinned underbelly, revealing an open patch in Smaug's scaly armor above his left breast.

Bilbo rushes back up the passage, just outrunning the dragon's angry flames. The hobbit tells the dwarves all that he has learned while a thrush sits nearby and seems to listen. They then hear the roar of the dragon once more and shut the door to the passage just before an avalanche comes down upon it. They are trapped inside the mountain.

Summary — Chapter 13: Not at Home

Smaug guesses from Bilbo's riddles that the company is somehow involved with the men of Lake Town, so he flies there to wreak vengeance. The hobbit and dwarves cower in the dark passage until they can bear it no longer. They slowly creep down toward Smaug's chamber. When Bilbo determines that the beast is gone, the dwarves run out to the treasure in glee, remembering the prosperous times of old. Bilbo takes only a few things. One of them is the Arkenstone, an incomparable gem that Thorin seeks but which the hobbit decides to keep for himself. Bilbo also finds a marvelous coat of mail made of mithril, a wonderfully strong, light metal that is scarcer and more valuable than silver or gold.

After the excitement has died down, Thorin leads the company through the passages of the mountain and out the main gate at the source of the River Running. They still have no idea what to do about Smaug when he returns. In the meantime, they are desperately hungry, so they follow the river down from the mountain to an old guard-post cavern that has not been used since the days of Thror, Thorin's grandfather. There, they rest, eat, and wonder where the dragon has gone.
Summary — Chapter 14: Fire and Water

The narrator suspends telling the story of Bilbo and the dwarves at the mountain and focuses on Smaug as the dragon flies toward Lake Town to wreak vengeance. The people of Lake Town see the dragon coming from a long way off (some think at first that his fire is the river running with gold) and prepare archers and many buckets of water to douse the coming flames. Their readiness is of little help, for Smaug flies over the town and lights every roof on fire. The men's arrows bounce harmlessly off the dragon's diamondlike hide. When most of the men have abandoned the city, one man, Bard, the captain of the archers, readies his last arrow. Suddenly, a thrush lands on his shoulder and speaks in a language he can understand. The bird tells Bard to watch for the dragon's weak spot in the hollow of his left breast. Bard looks, sees the open patch, and lets fly his arrow. It plunges through the chink in the dragon's armor and buries itself in his heart. The beast comes crashing down, destroying the rest of Lake Town as he dies. Bard manages to dive safely into the water and join the rest of his people, who are mourning the dead and their lost town. Some blame the dwarves for waking the dragon, but most assume that they too are dead. Then the lake men remember the gold in the Lonely Mountain, and they think eagerly of how the wealth could rebuild their town.
News of Smaug's death spreads quickly. It reaches far and wide, bringing the Elvenking and an army of elves, who stop at Lake Town to lend aid. The humans and elves then gather together in a single army and march toward the Lonely Mountain. Most of them expect to find a massive treasure left unattended.

Summary — Chapter 15: The Gathering of the Clouds

Meanwhile, the thrush returns to the company on the mountain. Finding that they cannot understand its speech, the thrush brings an old raven that can speak in the common tongue. This bird informs Bilbo and the dwarves of Smaug's death, and they rejoice. However, their rejoicing is short-lived, as the raven goes on to describe the huge army of humans and elves marching toward them, as well as the suffering of Lake Town's people, who surely deserve some share of the massive treasure in the mountain. Thorin regards the treasure as his inheritance and plans to fight for it, however, regardless of what the people of Lake Town have suffered.

Under Thorin's orders, the company retreats to the mountain and fortifies it by building a formidable wall at the main gate. From there, they watch as Bard and representatives of the elves approach. Bard informs them that he killed Smaug and that Lake Town has been destroyed. He asks that the dwarves be generous in sharing the wealth of the mountain, since they have benefited so much at the expense of the humans. Thorin flatly refuses. He feels that he owes the humans nothing since the gold belonged to his people originally. Bard gives Thorin some time to reconsider, but Thorin will not change his position. The mountain is declared besieged: nothing and no one will be let in or out if elves and men can help it. Bilbo, for his part, would gladly share the treasure. He is entirely discouraged by the whole turn of affairs. However, no dwarf questions Thorin, and the hobbit has no say in the dwarves' decision.
Summary — Chapter 16: A Thief in the Night

As Thorin continues to search for the Arkenstone and as the rest of the dwarves worry about the armies camped on their doorstep, Bilbo decides that he must take matters into his own hands. With the help of the ring, he sneaks away from the mountain at night and into the camp of the lake men and the wood elves. There, he reveals himself and is brought before the leaders, Bard and the Elvenking. They are suspicious of him, of course, but they relax when Bilbo reveals his secret weapon: the Arkenstone. He gives it freely to Bard to be used as a bargaining chip against Thorin. Bard and the Elvenking are amazed that the hobbit would risk inciting the anger of the dwarves in order to prevent a war. They ask him to stay in the camp for his safety, but Bilbo decides to return to the mountain. On his way out of the camp, he runs into Gandalf, who pats him on the shoulder for his brave deeds. Gandalf has just arrived from his other affairs to see the end of this touchy matter. Newly hopeful, Bilbo sneaks back to the mountain unnoticed.

Summary — Chapter 17: The Clouds Burst
In the morning, Bard returns with two messengers to entreat Thorin to accept a peaceable agreement. When the dwarf again refuses, Bard reveals the Arkenstone, the one part of the treasure that Thorin values above all the rest. Thorin is crushed, and he turns to Bilbo in rage when the hobbit reveals that he is the one who gave Bard the treasure. Thorin is about to turn violent, but then one of the messengers throws off his cloak and reveals himself to be Gandalf.

The wizard commands Thorin to let Bilbo speak. The hobbit claims that, in taking the Arkenstone, he only took his fair share of the treasure, as his contract as burglar had specified. Thorin has no choice but to agree, and he angrily offers to pay a fourteenth part of the treasure to regain the stone. The men and elves are satisfied with this. Thorin, however, secretly hopes that before they make the exchange, his relatives, who are marching toward the battlefield with an army under the leadership of Dain, will be able to capture the stone by force.

The new dwarf army threatens the elves and men, and they are about to engage in battle when darkness takes over the sky from the west. Gandalf tells them that a new danger has come: an army of goblins and Wargs who intend to take the treasure for themselves. The dwarves, elves, and humans are thus united against the goblins and Wargs in what is called the Battle of the Five Armies.

The forces of good fight fiercely, but the goblins and Wargs are just as fierce. Bilbo stays on the mountain, a bit removed from the fighting, and watches as the elves and dwarves first send the goblins fleeing but then are forced to retreat from the vicious Wargs. Thorin fights alongside the lake men as mightily as any. However, the goblins slowly gain ground, and Bilbo is forced to retreat to the elves' camp, which is nearly surrounded. The end seems close at hand when the hobbit's keen eyes spy something in the distant skies: the great eagles are flying toward the battlefield. At that moment, however, a stone falls from the mountain and hits Bilbo on the head, and he loses consciousness.
Summary — Chapter 18: The Return Journey

When Bilbo awakens, he is still lying with a bad headache on the side of the mountain, but he is otherwise unharmed. From the camps below, he sees that his side has won the battle against the goblins and Wargs. A man comes searching for Bilbo but cannot find him until the hobbit remembers to take off his magic ring. Bilbo is carried back to the camp where Gandalf waits and is delighted to see the hobbit alive. However, there is sad business to attend to. Bilbo must say farewell to Thorin, who is mortally wounded. Thorin asks Bilbo's forgiveness for the harsh words spoken earlier.

OH GOSH !

Y reste seulement 1 MOIS D'ÉCOLE à peine !

Ca se peux jsute pas comment j'ai hate hate a l'été, c'est trop FOU !
Prendre un ptit congé, de euhmm .. 2mois ! C'est parfait juste parfait ça !
Avec de la Crème Glacée, du Soleil et Plein de Bon Monde !

Surtout que j'ai tellement des belles vacances qui s'enviennent, j'en revient pas comment je suis chanceuse !:

Jva a un camp de vacance trop CHILL avec... AMÉ ! LOL on vas tellement se faire du fun pis manger des gimmauves , MIAM !
En plus de ça je part en CALIFORNIE merde ! Jsuis heureuse ça se peux juste pas ! Je vais prende du soleil, PEUT-ETRE faire du Surf, WOAHA !! Ca va etre merde jtrouve même pas de mot :P !

Bon on lache pas, y reste juste 19 jours d'école, Maudit que jsuis écoeuré pareil -.- !
Pis vous autres, qu'est-ce vous faites pendant les VACANCES ???

Bon on a perdu
Y fallait bin que ca ariive...

J'ai tellement l'imprésion que c'est de ma faute, même si c'est un sport d'équipe
J'ai pas faite une bonne job aujourd'hui, d'après-moi
Au début j'ai laissé passer plein de fille, j'arrivais PAS à les déflaguer merde :(
Pis après y m'ont mis rusher, c'tait bin trop nouveau pour moi
Donc je l'ai pas eue une seule fois même que défois je l'arrachais apès qu'elle l'est lancé, LOL
Je sais que m'en mets trop sur le dos mais cé dememe que jle vois

Mais J'ai eue du fun Pareill :)

OH MY GOD !
Notre équipe c'est elle qui Chiill plus plus au mon monde
Une équipe juste de fille qui ont une personnalité MAGNIFIQUE
On a tellement de fuun ensemble c'est fou :O
EH oui c'est l'équIpe de Flag Foot Benjamin Feminin du STST

Même si y nous reste seulement une partie dans la saison régulière et que
si on la perde on ne joue plus de l'année
J'ai passé une saison formidable que j'oublirais Jamais
Merci les FILLES

JVous aime fort, on PEUT GAGNER (YN)



LOVE YOU FOR EVER (L)